劍橋雅思4 Test 4閱讀Passage 1原文翻譯How much higher?How much faster?

劍橋雅思4 Test 4閱讀Passage 1原文翻譯How much higher?How much faster?今天中國教育在線就來為大家分析這個問題。

how much higher how much faster

運動員成績提升的原因

劍4 Test 4 Passage 1閱讀原文翻譯

第1自然段

Since the early years of the twentieth century,when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records,there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run,how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects,them-selves included,through space.For the so-called power events–that require a relatively brief,explosive release of energy,like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump–times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent.In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic.At the 1908 Olympics,John Hayes of the U.S.team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18.In 1999,Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42,almost thirty per cent faster.

從20世紀初期開始，根據國際田徑聯合會（International Athletic Federation）的記錄，運動員的跑動速度，跳的高度，以及穿過空間扔大物體（包括他們自己）的距離一直在穩(wěn)步提高。對于所謂的力量項目（需要相對短暫的爆炸性能量釋放，例如100米的短跑和跳遠），時間和距離增加了10％至20％。在耐力賽中，結果更加引人注目。在1908年奧運會上，美國隊的約翰·海斯（John Hayes）用2:55:18的時間完成了馬拉松比賽。1999年，摩洛哥的Khalid Khannouchi創(chuàng)造了2:05:42的新世界紀錄，快了近30％。

第2自然段

No one theory can explain improvements in performance,but the most important factor has been genetics.‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’says Jesus Dapena,a sports scientist at Indiana University,invoking an oftcited adage.Over the past century,the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably,but with increasing global participation in athletics–and greater rewards to tempt athletes–it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.‘Was there someone like[sprinter]Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’Dapena asks.‘I’m sure there was,but his talent was probably never realised.’

沒有任何一種理論可以解釋表現的提升，但是最重要的因素是遺傳學。印第安納大學體育科學家耶穌·達佩納（Jesus Dapena）引用了這句常說的話，說：“運動員必須謹慎選擇父母?！痹谶^去的一個世紀中，人類基因庫的組成文章來自 雅思并沒有發(fā)生明顯變化，但是隨著全球對體育運動的參與不斷增加，以及對運動員的獎勵越來越多，人們更有可能在早期識別出擁有獨特運動表現基因的個體。“在1920年代有沒有像[短跑運動員]邁克爾·約翰遜這樣的人？”Dapena問。“我敢肯定有，但他的才華可能從未實現?！?/p>

第3自然段

Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step.Michael Yessis,an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton,maintains that‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do.But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going.’Yessis believes that U.S.runners,despite their impressive achievements,are‘running on their genetics’.By applying more scientific methods,‘they’re going to go much faster’.These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics,a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.

識別具有遺傳天賦的人只是第一步。富勒頓加利福尼亞州州立大學體育科學系名譽教授Michael Yessis認為“遺傳學只能決定一個人表現的三分之一”。但是，通過正確的訓練，我們可以比現在更加充分的利用這三分之一。Yessis認為，盡管美國運動員取得了令人矚目的成就，但他們仍在“依靠自己的基因”。通過采用更科學的方法，“他們將變得更快”。這些方法包括力量訓練（可復制他們在跑步中所做的事情）以及測距法，這是前蘇聯開創(chuàng)的技術。

第4自然段

Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance,plyometrics focuses on increasing power–the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.When a sprinter runs,Yessis explains,her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second,half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off.Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.

盡管大多數練習都是為了增強力量或耐力而設計的，但平面測距法則著重于提高功率-運動員消耗能量的速度。Yessis解釋說，當短跑運動員奔跑時，她的腳與地面保持接觸的時間不到十分之一秒，其中一半用于著陸，另一半用于推開。體能鍛煉可以幫助運動員充分利用這一短暫的時間。

第5自然段

Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately.‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition,even through supplements,’Yessis insists.Each activity has its own nutritional needs.Few coaches,for instance,understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.

營養(yǎng)是運動教練未能充分注意的另一個領域。Yessis堅持說：“即使通過補品，許多運動員也無法獲得最好的營養(yǎng)。”每種活動都有其自身的營養(yǎng)需求。例如，很少有教練了解微量礦物質的缺乏如何導致傷害。

第6自然段

Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken.‘If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’Yessis asserts,‘they would be breaking records left and right.’He will not predict by how much,however:‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say,but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second,as long as our training continues to improve.’

重點訓練在幫助打破記錄上也發(fā)揮作用。Yessis斷言：“如果我們將俄羅斯的訓練模式應用于該國一些杰出的跑步者，他們將隨意打破紀錄?！钡?，他不會預測能提升多少：“很難說到底有什么限制，但是只要我們的訓練持續(xù)改進，即使只有百分之一秒，成績也會有所增加。”

第7自然段

One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics,the study of the body in motion.A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance,recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions.By applying Newton’s laws to these motions,‘we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough;that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’says Dapena,who uses these methods to help high jumpers.To date,however,biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.

生物力學是最重要的新方法之一，它對運動中的人體進行研究。生物力學家拍攝運動員的動作，然后將她的表現的數字化，在三維空間中記錄每一個關節(jié)和肢體的運動。通過將牛頓定律應用于這些運動，Dapena說，“我們可以說這位運動員跑地還不夠快。他在起跳時沒有充分使用雙臂?！彼褂眠@些方法幫助跳高運動員。然而，迄今為止，生物力學對運動成績的影響很小。

第8自然段

Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves.For example,during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City,a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards,in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom,a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop.Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing.That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists,who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations.Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance:an innovation in athletic equipment.In Fosbury’s case,it was the cushions that jumpers land on.Traditionally,high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust.But by Fosbury’s time,sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions,ideal for flopping.

革命性的想法仍然來自運動員本身。例如，在1968年墨西哥城奧運會期間，一個相對不為人所知的跳高運動員Dick Fosbury通過向后翻越標桿贏得了金牌，這與當時所有的跳高經驗相反。這種動作立即被命名為Fosbury翻越。福斯伯里本人不知道自己在做什么。后來生物力學專家進行了分析才得以理解。他們利用自己的頭腦去分析一些太過復雜和離經叛道，以至于無法通過數字模擬來發(fā)明的東西。Fosbury也需要另外一個導致許多運動員成績提升的因素：運動器材的創(chuàng)新。就Fosbury而言，它是跳高運動員落下的墊子。傳統(tǒng)上，跳高運動員會落在充滿木屑的坑中。但是到了Fosbury時代，木屑坑被柔軟的泡沫墊所取代，非常適合摔在上面。

第9自然段

In the end,most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourceful-ness of athletes and the powers of the human body.‘Once you study athletics,you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’says John S.Raglin,a sports psychologist at Indiana University.‘Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher,faster,longer.So many variables enter into the equation,and our understanding in many cases is fundamental.We’ve got a long way to go.’For the foreseeable future,records will be made to be broken.

最后，大多數觀察人類表現的人面對運動員的機智和人體的力量都會感到謙卑。印第安納大學的運動心理學家約翰·拉格林說：“一旦學習了體育，就會發(fā)現這是一個非常復雜的問題。”“核心表現不是更高，更快，更遠這種簡單而平凡的事情。這么多變量進入方程式，在許多情況下我們的理解十分基礎。我們還有很長的路要走。在可預見的將來，記錄將被打破。

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