劍橋雅思7Test1閱讀Passage1原文翻譯 Let’s go bats

劍橋雅思7Test1閱讀Passage1原文翻譯 Let’s go bats

劍橋雅思7 Test 1 Passage 1閱讀原文翻譯

自然段A

Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They hunt at night, and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits and hunting by day. But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds. Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favoured bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Only after the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were our ancestors able to emerge into the daylight in any substantial numbers.

蝙蝠有一個(gè)問(wèn)題：如何在黑暗中找到自己的出路。他們?cè)谝归g狩獵，無(wú)法利用光來(lái)幫助他們尋找獵物并避開(kāi)障礙物。你可能會(huì)說(shuō)這是他們自己造成的問(wèn)題，他們可以簡(jiǎn)單地通過(guò)改變習(xí)慣和白天捕獵來(lái)避免。但是白天的資源已經(jīng)被鳥(niǎo)類等其他生物大量利用。鑒于夜間仍有生計(jì)，而白天的替代性食物資源已被完全占領(lǐng)，因此自然選擇偏愛(ài)那些從事夜間狩獵的蝙蝠。夜行性活動(dòng)很可能可以追溯到所有哺乳動(dòng)物的祖先。在恐龍主導(dǎo)白天經(jīng)濟(jì)的時(shí)候，我們哺乳動(dòng)物的祖先可能就是因?yàn)檎业搅嗽谝归g謀生的方法，才勉強(qiáng)存活下來(lái)。僅在大約6500萬(wàn)年前恐龍神秘滅絕之后，我們的祖先才能夠在白天大量出現(xiàn)。

自然段B

Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way and find their prey in the absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern animals make their living in conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.

蝙蝠有一個(gè)實(shí)踐上的問(wèn)題：如何在沒(méi)有光照的情況下找到自己的路徑并找到獵物。蝙蝠并不是今天面臨這一困難的唯一生物。顯然，它們捕文章來(lái)自老烤鴨雅思食的在夜間飛行的昆蟲(chóng)也必須找到某種方式。無(wú)論白天還是晚上，深海魚(yú)類和鯨魚(yú)幾乎都沒(méi)有光照。生活在極其泥濘的水中的魚(yú)和海豚也看不見(jiàn)。因?yàn)楸M管光線充足，但它被水中的污物阻擋和分散。還有許多其他現(xiàn)代動(dòng)物生活在視線受阻或完全看不見(jiàn)的環(huán)境中。

自然段C

Given the questions of how to manoeuvre in the dark, what solutions might an engineer consider? The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish (usually with the help of bacteria) have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to consume a large amount of energy. Fireflies use their light for attracting mates. This doesn’t require a prohibitive amount of energy: a male’s tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from some distance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the light source itself. However, using light to find one’s own way around requires vastly more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light that bounces off each part of the scene. The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if it is to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path, than if it is to be used as a signal to others. In any event, whether or not the reason is the energy expense, it seems to be the case that, with the possible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from man uses manufactured light to find its way about.

面對(duì)如何在黑暗中進(jìn)行機(jī)動(dòng)的問(wèn)題，工程師會(huì)考慮哪些解決方案？他想到的第一個(gè)方法可能是使用燈籠或者探照燈來(lái)制造光。螢火蟲(chóng)和一些魚(yú)（通常在細(xì)菌的幫助下）具有制造自己的光的能力，但該過(guò)程似乎消耗大量能量。螢火蟲(chóng)用它們的燈光吸引伴侶。這不需要消耗過(guò)多的能量：在漆黑的夜晚，雌性可以相隔一定距離看到雄性微弱的光亮，因?yàn)樗难劬χ苯颖┞对诠庠幢旧硐?。但是，使用光?lái)尋找自己的路徑需要更多的能量，因?yàn)檠劬Ρ仨殭z測(cè)從場(chǎng)景各個(gè)部分反射回來(lái)的微弱的光線。因此，如果將光源用作前照燈來(lái)照亮路徑，則它必須比用作信號(hào)時(shí)更亮才行。無(wú)論如何，無(wú)論原因是不是能源消耗，似乎除了一些奇怪的深海魚(yú)，人類以外的任何動(dòng)物都不會(huì)利用人造光來(lái)尋找路徑。

自然段D

What else might the engineer think of? well, blind humans sometimes seem to have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path. It has been given the name ‘facial vision’, because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face. One report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride his tricycle at good speed round the block near his home, using facial vision. Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb. The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears. Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the Second world war relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American), as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British), which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes.

工程師還會(huì)想到什么？好吧，盲人有時(shí)似乎在前進(jìn)的道路上有種不可思議的障礙感。它之所以被稱為“面部視覺(jué)”，是因?yàn)槊と藞?bào)告說(shuō)它有點(diǎn)像臉部的觸摸感。一份報(bào)告講述了一個(gè)完全失明的男孩，他可以利用面部視覺(jué)騎三輪車告訴繞過(guò)他家附近的街區(qū)。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，實(shí)際上，面部視覺(jué)與觸摸或臉前無(wú)關(guān)，盡管感覺(jué)可能來(lái)自臉的前面，就像幻肢中提到的疼痛一樣。事實(shí)證明，面部視覺(jué)其實(shí)是通過(guò)耳朵感受到的。盲人甚至沒(méi)有意識(shí)到這一事實(shí)。他們實(shí)際上是在利用自己腳步聲和其他聲音的回聲來(lái)感知障礙物的存在。在發(fā)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)之前，工程師已經(jīng)制造了利用該原理的儀器，例如，測(cè)量船下海的深度。在發(fā)明了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)之后，武器設(shè)計(jì)者將其改裝用于探測(cè)潛艇只是一個(gè)時(shí)間問(wèn)題。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中雙方都嚴(yán)重依賴這些設(shè)備，其代號(hào)為Asdic（英國(guó)）和Sonar（美國(guó)），以及Radar（美國(guó)）或RDF（英國(guó)）。它們使用無(wú)線電回聲而不是聲音回聲。

自然段E

The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn’t know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier, and their ‘radar’ achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’, since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar, and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them. The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation’ to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.

聲納和雷達(dá)的先驅(qū)者當(dāng)時(shí)還不知道，但是現(xiàn)在全世界都知道蝙蝠，或者說(shuō)是自然選擇的蝙蝠，已經(jīng)在幾千萬(wàn)年前完善了該系統(tǒng)。他們的“雷達(dá)”所實(shí)現(xiàn)的探測(cè)壯舉和導(dǎo)航工作令工程師欽佩。談?wù)擈稹袄走_(dá)”在技術(shù)上是不正確的，因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇褂脽o(wú)線電波，而使用聲波。但是雷達(dá)和聲納的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)學(xué)理論非常相似，我們對(duì)蝙蝠行為細(xì)節(jié)的科學(xué)理解主要來(lái)自將雷達(dá)理論應(yīng)用于它們。發(fā)現(xiàn)蝙蝠聲納的美國(guó)動(dòng)物學(xué)家唐納德·格里芬（Donald Griffin）創(chuàng)造了“回聲定位”一詞，以涵蓋動(dòng)物或人類使用的聲納和雷達(dá)。

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