劍橋雅思14Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 Back to the future of skyscraper design

劍橋雅思14Test2Passage2閱讀原文翻譯 Back to the future of skyscraper design

劍橋雅思14 Test2 Passage2閱讀原文翻譯

A部分

The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.

Alan Short教授所著的《自然環(huán)境在建筑中的復蘇》是三十年研究的集大成之作，也是Short及其劍橋大學建筑學、工程學、應用數(shù)學和地球科學領域內的同事們共同完成的榮獲大獎的環(huán)保建筑設計。

‘The crisis in building design is already here,’ said Short. ‘Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can’t. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.’

“建筑設計中的危機已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)， ” Short這樣說?！罢咧贫ㄕ邆円詾橛眯×慵≡O備就能解決能源和建筑問題。其實并不能。隨著全球溫度持續(xù)上升，我們將繼續(xù)用機械方法揮霍越來越多的能量， 使建筑物內保持涼爽，直到我們再也無能為力為止。

B部分

Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed – to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the life support’ system of vast air conditioning units.

Short正在呼吁對摩天大樓和大型公共建筑的設計方式進行一場徹底的重塑 – 來結束對封閉式建筑的依賴，它們的存在完全是依靠大型空調設備來提供“生命支持”的。

Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were ‘relentlessly and aggressively marketed’ by their inventors.

與之相反，他證明了：完全有可能在大型建筑中容納天然的通風和冷卻系統(tǒng)，辦法就是回溯到過去那個還沒有大規(guī)模引人空調系統(tǒng)的時代，這些空調系統(tǒng)就是其發(fā)明者所“毫不留情、大刀闊斧地”大肆進行宣傳推廣的。

C部分

Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.

Short指出：要讓大多數(shù)當代建筑里可以住人，它們必須封閉起來、進行空氣調控。這種做法所造成的能源消耗和碳排放是極為壯觀的，在很大程度上并沒有必要。西方建筑物要占用電量的40—50%，產(chǎn)生了巨量的碳排放，而世界上的其他地方正以一種令人驚恐的速度追趕上來。Short認為，由玻璃，鋼鐵和空調組成的摩天大樓是社會地位的象征，而不是滿足我們需要的實用方式。

D部分

Short’s book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).

Short的書重點闡述了在19世紀和20世紀初期這個階段里，為建筑物通風的藝術與科學一直在發(fā)展進步、日趨復雜完善，這其中包括通風系統(tǒng)設計精妙的醫(yī)院。格外引人注目的是那些依照John Shaw Billings的設計搭建而成的建筑，包括位于美國巴爾的摩市的第一家約翰霍普金斯醫(yī)院（1873—1889）。

‘We spent three years digitally modelling Billings’ final designs,’ says Short. ‘We put pathogens* in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

“我們花了三年的時間用數(shù)字化模擬修建了Billins最后的那些設計方案，” Short這樣說?！拔覀冊跉饬髦蟹湃肓瞬≡w，以此模仿病房中正在咳嗽的肺結核病患，結果我們發(fā)現(xiàn)：房間里的通風系統(tǒng)能保護其他病人不受侵害。”

E部分

‘We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour – that’s similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.

“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)19世紀的醫(yī)院病房在1小時內能夠制造多達24次的空氣交換 – 類似于一家現(xiàn)代化的、由電腦中控的劇院可達成的效果。我們相信你現(xiàn)在完全可以基于這些原理來建造病房。

Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients – older people with dementia, for example – would work just as well in today’s hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.’

單人間并非適合于所有的病人。對某些病患比較合適的公共病房 – 例如患癡呆的較年長病人 – 在今天的醫(yī)院里也同樣適用，所消耗的能量卻只有一丁點兒。”

Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.

Short 教授感到這些設計背后的思維理念和精巧技藝已經(jīng)完全丟失了，他痛惜那些消失了的、經(jīng)由專家精心設計建造的劇院、歌劇院和其他同類建筑，這些建筑中多達一半的空間都用于確保每個人都能獲得新鮮空氣。

F部分

Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas – toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of ‘hospital fever’, leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.

存在于19世紀的醫(yī)院和其他建筑中的那種精巧設計在很大程度上是被恐慌的公眾所催生的，這些人大聲疾呼，要求建筑物能給他們提供保護，使自己不受當時被認為是致命威脅的瘴氣 – 會傳播疾病的有毒氣體 – 所侵襲。幾個世紀以來，瘴氣一直被看作疾病和傳染病的主要致病源而深受畏俱，從中世紀以來直到19世紀50年代爆發(fā)在倫敦和巴黎的大霍亂，人們都用瘴氣來解釋感染的傳播原因。污穢的空氣，而非病菌，被認為是“醫(yī)院熱病”的主要元兇，引發(fā)了疾病與頻繁的死亡。富人都對醫(yī)院唯恐避之不及。

While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.

雖然瘴氣理論很久以前就被證明了是錯的，但Short在過去三十年間一直在支持重拾一些建筑設計原理，而這些原理正是在這一錯誤理論的催生下才發(fā)展起來的。

G部分

Today, huge amounts of a building’s space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. ‘But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens.

今天，一棟建筑的大量空間和建造費用都奉獻給了空調系統(tǒng)?！暗俏以谶^去三十年間設計和主持建成了一系列樓宇，嘗試重新用上我所說的這些理念，然后測試了接下來的效果”。

‘To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.’

“要向前去到我們全新的低能源、低碳排的未來，一個非常明智的做法就是回首過去，向我們高能源、 高碳排的當下出現(xiàn)之前的那個時代去學習。令人驚異的是我們拋棄了一份多么豐厚的遺產(chǎn)”。

H部分

Successful examples of Short’s approach include the Queen’s Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.

Short所倡導的方法的成功案例之一是位于萊斯特的德蒙特福德大學的女王大樓。 樓內能容納2000名員工和學生，整棟建筑都依靠自然通風、非人工手段制冷和天然照明，其中兩座分別能坐下150多人的最大的禮堂也不例外。這座曾經(jīng)獲獎的建筑所使用的電量與英國其他同類建筑的用電量相比只是九牛一毛。

Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.

Short認為，如果氣候模型預測的情況和能源價格上漲真的如人們所預期的那樣到來了的話，那么在接下來的二十或三十年間，倫敦乃至全球的玻璃摩天高樓都將會成為沉重的累贅。

I部分

He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago – built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning – which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.

他堅信：利用自然環(huán)境而進行充足制冷的高樓大廈在幾乎任何氣候里都是可以建成并運轉的。他和他的團隊在北京和芝加哥的嚴酷氣候里在各種各樣的建筑上都進行過試驗 – 這些建筑里設立了天然通風系統(tǒng)，同時輔以備用空調設備 – 也許會令人大吃一驚的是，在比較溫和的日子里以及在春秋季節(jié)，這些空調有一半以上的時間都可以關閉不用。

Short looks at how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.

Short所著眼的是我們也許可以重新設計未來的城市、辦公室和家庭。也許是時候改變我們的看法了。

>> 雅思 托福 免費課程學習，AI量身規(guī)劃讓英語學習不再困難<<